Table Of Content
- Branch Statements
- The loop in C #
- Arrays in C #
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- Branch Statements
- The loop in C #
- Arrays in C #
1- Introduction
This is guide of C# for beginners. In order to program C# you must install Visual Studio programming tools. You can see the instructions to download and install at:
If you are new to C#, you should read this document from beginning to end, which will give you an overview before learning other detailed documents.
2- Create your first C# project
This is the first image when you open Visual Studio.
Create new Project:
We created a simple Project (Console application, an application has no interface). Enter:
- Name: HelloCSharp
- Solution: Create new solution
- Solution Name: MySolution
This is an image of your Project that was created. You need to click on the Solution Explorer to view the structure of this created Project
Visual Studio creates a Solution, which is named MySolution and contained a Project named HelloCSharp. And create by default a class named Program (corresponding to Program.cs file).
Note: A Solution can have one or several Projects.
Edit code of Program class, so when running, it will display on the Console screen 'Hello CSharp', and waiting the user enters any text before finishing.
3- Explain the structure of a class
The illustration below is the structure of the Program class , which is located in the HelloCSharp namespace . A namespace can contain one or several classes.
If you want to use a certain class, you must declare to use this class, or declare to use namespace that contains this class.
↵When the program runs, the Main(string[]) method will be called to execute.- static is the keyword informed that it is a static method.
- void is the key word informed that the method does not return anything.
- args is parameter of the method, an array of strings - string[].
After declaring the use of the System namespace, you can use the Console class in this namespace. WriteLine(string) is a static method of Console class, it print to screen a string.
4- Explaining structure of Project
Tom-catch Mac Os 11
A solution may contain within it many Projects. A Project contains the classes.
When viewing in 'Class view' you can see your classes belong to which namespace.
In CSharp, you create an Animal class with namespace named HelloCSharp, this class will be located in the root directory of the project by default. You create another class is MyClass with namespace named O7planning.CSharp class also located in the root directory of the project. With a large project with many classes, organize the files as such make it difficult for you. You can create different folders to store class files, the rule is your decision, but it's best to create a folder named as the name of the namespace. Let's learn how to organize of Java.
5- Important note with C# program
In C# application, you need to explicitly declare a class with the Main(string[]) method as a starting point to run your application, this is not compulsory if your entire application have only one class with the Main(string[]) method, however, in case you have 2 classes with the Main method, if you do not specify, an error message will appear in compilation process.
Therefore, you should preferably declare clearly the class with the Main(string[]) method, you can declare again for another class if desired.
Therefore, you should preferably declare clearly the class with the Main(string[]) method, you can declare again for another class if desired.
Right-click the HelloCSharp project, select Properties:
Select the 'Startup object' is a class have Main(string[]) method, and Save.
6- Add new class
Now I add a MyClass class with namespace named MyNamespace.Abc.
Tom-catch Mac Os X
In 'Solution Explorer' right-click the project, select:
Next, create a folder 'CSharp' is a subfolder of 'O7planning'.
Right-click on the 'CSharp' folder, select:
Select the type of item is Class, and enter the class name.
Class has been created, it is located in 'Hello CSharp.O7planning.CSharp' namespace. You can rename to 'O7planning.CSharp'.
Rename namespace to 'O7planning.CSharp'.
You can change content of the class:
Declaring class MyClass is the starting point to run. Right click Project and Select Properties.
Running the example:
7- Data types in C #
| Type | Represents | Range | Default Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| bool | Boolean value | True or False | False |
| byte | 8-bit unsigned integer | 0 to 255 | 0 |
| char | 16-bit Unicode character | U +0000 to U +ffff | '0' |
| decimal | 128-bit precise decimal values with 28-29 significant digits | (-7.9 x 1028 to 7.9 x 1028) / 100 to 28 | 0.0M |
| double | 64-bit double-precision floating point type | (+/-)5.0 x 10-324 to (+/-)1.7 x 10308 | 0.0D |
| float | 32-bit single-precision floating point type | -3.4 x 1038 to + 3.4 x 1038 | 0.0F |
| int | 32-bit signed integer type | -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 | 0 |
| long | 64-bit signed integer type | -923,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 | 0L |
| sbyte | 8-bit signed integer type | -128 to 127 | 0 |
| short | 16-bit signed integer type | -32,768 to 32,767 | 0 |
| uint | 32-bit unsigned integer type | 0 to 4,294,967,295 | 0 |
| ulong | 64-bit unsigned integer type | 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 | 0 |
| ushort | 16-bit unsigned integer type | 0 to 65,535 | 0 |
8- Variables and variable declaration
A variable is identified by a name, for a data storage area that your program can be manipulated. Each variable in C# has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory the range of values that can be stored within that memory and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
In C# application, you need to explicitly declare a class with the Main(string[]) method as a starting point to run your application, this is not compulsory if your entire application have only one class with the Main(string[]) method, however, in case you have 2 classes with the Main method, if you do not specify, an error message will appear in compilation process.
Therefore, you should preferably declare clearly the class with the Main(string[]) method, you can declare again for another class if desired.
Therefore, you should preferably declare clearly the class with the Main(string[]) method, you can declare again for another class if desired.
Right-click the HelloCSharp project, select Properties:
Select the 'Startup object' is a class have Main(string[]) method, and Save.
6- Add new class
Now I add a MyClass class with namespace named MyNamespace.Abc.
Tom-catch Mac Os X
In 'Solution Explorer' right-click the project, select:
Next, create a folder 'CSharp' is a subfolder of 'O7planning'.
Right-click on the 'CSharp' folder, select:
Select the type of item is Class, and enter the class name.
Class has been created, it is located in 'Hello CSharp.O7planning.CSharp' namespace. You can rename to 'O7planning.CSharp'.
Rename namespace to 'O7planning.CSharp'.
You can change content of the class:
Declaring class MyClass is the starting point to run. Right click Project and Select Properties.
Running the example:
7- Data types in C #
| Type | Represents | Range | Default Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| bool | Boolean value | True or False | False |
| byte | 8-bit unsigned integer | 0 to 255 | 0 |
| char | 16-bit Unicode character | U +0000 to U +ffff | '0' |
| decimal | 128-bit precise decimal values with 28-29 significant digits | (-7.9 x 1028 to 7.9 x 1028) / 100 to 28 | 0.0M |
| double | 64-bit double-precision floating point type | (+/-)5.0 x 10-324 to (+/-)1.7 x 10308 | 0.0D |
| float | 32-bit single-precision floating point type | -3.4 x 1038 to + 3.4 x 1038 | 0.0F |
| int | 32-bit signed integer type | -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 | 0 |
| long | 64-bit signed integer type | -923,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 | 0L |
| sbyte | 8-bit signed integer type | -128 to 127 | 0 |
| short | 16-bit signed integer type | -32,768 to 32,767 | 0 |
| uint | 32-bit unsigned integer type | 0 to 4,294,967,295 | 0 |
| ulong | 64-bit unsigned integer type | 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 | 0 |
| ushort | 16-bit unsigned integer type | 0 to 65,535 | 0 |
8- Variables and variable declaration
A variable is identified by a name, for a data storage area that your program can be manipulated. Each variable in C# has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory the range of values that can be stored within that memory and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
Variable can change value in the course of its existence in the program. The variables have a fixed value called constants. Using the const keyword to declare a constant variable.
Running the example:
9- Branch Statements
9.1- If-else Statement
if is a statement which checks a certain condition in C#. For example: If a> b, then do something ..
| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| > | greater than | 5 > 4 is true |
| < | less than | 4 < 5 is true |
| >= | greater than or equal | 4 >= 4 is true |
| <= | less than or equal | 3 <= 4 is true |
| equal to | 1 1 is true | |
| != | not equal to | 1 != 2 is true |
Example:
Full structure of the if - else if - else:
Running example, and entering 81, and see the results:
9.2- Switch-Case Statement
Running the example, and entering 2:
Note:
In this case, break told the program to exit switch.
You can include many 'case' together to execute a same block.
Running the example:
10- The loop in C #
The loop is used to run repetitively a statement block . It makes your program execute repeatedly a statement block several times, this is one of the basic tasks of programming.
10.1- for loop
Running the example
10.2- while loop
Running the example
10.3- do-while loop
Running the example:
10.4- The break in the loop
break is a command that may be located in a block of a loop. This command ends the loop unconditionally.
Running the example:
10.5- Continue statement within the loop
continue is a statement which may be located in a loop. When caught the continue statement, the program will ignore the command lines in block, below of continue and start of a new loop.
Running the example:
11- Arrays in C #
11.1- One-dimensional array
These are illustrations of one dimension array with 5 elements which are indexed from 0 to 4.
The syntax to declare a one-dimensional array:
Running the example:
11.2- Two-dimensional array
Running the example:
11.3- Array of an array
Running the example:
12- Class, constructor and instance
You need to have a distinction between three concepts:- Class
- Constructor
- Instance
When we talk about the tree, it is something abstract, it is a class. But when we pointed to a specific tree, it was clear, and that is the instance
Or when we talk about the Person, that's abstract, it is a class. But when pointed at you or me, it is two different instances, the same class of People.
Person class without Main method. Next in PersonTest, we create Person instance from its Constructor
Running the example:
13- Field
In this section we will discuss some of the concepts:
- Field
- Normal field
- static Field
- const Field
- readonly Field
Running the example:
Example readonly & static readonly.
14- Method
Method- Method.
- static Method
- sealed Method. (Will be mentioned in the inheritance of the class).
Running the example:
15- Inheritance in C#
Java allows classes which extend from other class. Class extends another class called subclasses. Subclasses have the ability to inherit the fields attributes, methods from the parent class.
Running the example:
16- Inheritance and polymorphism in C#
You can read more 'Inheritance and polymorphism in CSharp' at:
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